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For example, in The Battle for the Soul of Capitalism , John Bogle estimated a nationwide ratio to be approximately 280:1 in 2004 (up from 42:1 in 1980). More recently, Lawrence Mishel and Jori Kandra from the Economic Policy Institute placed the 2020 figure at 351:1. those on the S&P 500).
Jordan Sr founded National Black Business as an annual observance in 2004 to “drive the policy agenda affecting the 2.6 Please Note: There is no guarantee of grant awards as a result of this information. Overview of the Role of Black Business Ownership in the U.S. million African American businesses.”
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